Including plasticity for non-uniform in-depth residual stress fields results in larger tensile and smaller compressive residual stresses. The effect of plasticity on uniform in-depth residual stresses is determined and it is concluded that residual stresses obtained under the assumption of linear-elastic material behavior are an overestimation. The hole-drilling procedure is simulated with three-dimensional finite element modeling including a simplistic model of plasticity. However in the region of the bored hole, there are relaxed plastic strains present that can lead to significant error of the measured stresses. This method is specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM E837-13a and it can be used only when the material behavior is linear-elastic. The residual stresses of a welded component in an orthotropic steel bridge deck are determined with the incremental hole-drilling method. For welded bridge components, the knowledge of residual stresses induced by welding is essential to determine their effect on the fatigue life behavior resulting in optimal fatigue design and a better knowledge about the fatigue strength of these welded connections.
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